The following plants are among those known to the ancient
Romans (My goal is for these pages to contain - or at least include links
to - all the information needed to create an authentic ancient Roman kitchen,
garden or farm - real or imaginary - in any part of the known world *G*.
More links will be added as I organize my notes:-):
Acacia, Egyptian (Acacia*) [Acacia arabica ]
Acanthus* (Paederos*, Melamphyllum*) [Acanthus mollis* ]
Adonis
Alexanders* (Olusatrum*, )
[Smyrnium holusatrum L.]
Common Alexanders*: (Hipposelinum*, Smyrnium* (or smyrnoin, also zmyrnium
and zmyrnion*))[Smyrnium olusatrum* ]
Cretan alexanders*: (Smyrnium* (or smyrnoin, also zmyrnium and zmyrnion*))
[Smyrnium perfoliatum *]
Alfalfa (lucerne) [Medicago sativa ]
Almond* (Amygdala*) [Prunus dulcis* ]
(nux Graeca*, nux amara*) [Prunus amygdalus *]
All-bone*: (Holosteon*) [Plantago Belardi* ]
Aloe* (Tarum*) [Aloe vera* ]
Althaea* [Althaea officinalis ]
Amaranth (Immortales)(Amarantus*)
[Amaranthus hypochondriacus (LINN.)]
[Celosia cristata , cockscomb; Amaranthus caudatus , amaranth]*
Anemone
Anise (Anesum*)[Pimpinella anisum L.]
Anthyllis (barba-Jovis)
Apiastrum
Apple tree*: (Malus*) [Malus domestica* ]
Arar (Thyine-wood) [Tetraclinis articulata ]
Apricot
Arrowhead*: (Oistos* Sagitta*) [Sagitta sagittifolia *]
Ash:
(Bumelia)* [Fraxinus excelsior ]*
(Fraxinus*) [Fraxinus excelsior and F. oxyphylla* ]
Aspalathus (Camel's thorn) [Alhaji camelorum Fisch.]
Asparagus [Asparagus officinalis L]
Asparagus, wild* (Mycanthus*) [perhaps Asparagus acutifolius *]
Azalea, common (Aegolethron*) [Rhodendron ponticum ]
Azaroles
Balm (Apiastrum*) [Melissa officinalis ]
Balsam, cultivated [Commiphora opobalsamum Engl.]
Balsam tree*: [Commiphora opobalsamum* ]
juice of - balsam of Mecca* (Opobalsamum*)
wood of - (Xylobalsamum*)
Baneberry*: (Actaea*) [Actaea spicata* ]
Bannana*, or plantain-tree: (Pala*) [Musa paradisiaca* ]
Banyan tree*: (Indian ficus*) [Ficus benghalensis* ]
Barbary nut*: (Sisyrinchion*) [Iris sisyrinchium *]
Barley*: (Hordeum*) [Hordeum distichum, Hordeum vulgare, Hordeum
hexastichum ]
Mouse barley*: (Holcus*, Hordeum murinum*) [Hordeum murinum* ]
Basil* (Ocimum*) [Ocimum basilicum* ]
Basil, field*: (Polycnemon*) [Zizyphora capitata* ]
Basil, wild*: (Polycnemon*) [Calamintha clinopodium* ]
Bean: [Vicia faba L.]
Bean, field*: (Faba*) [Faba vulgaris* ]
wild faba of Mauretania: [Faba plininana* ]
Beet: (Beta)* [Beta vulgaris L]
Betony*: (Cestros, Vettonica*) [Betonica officinalis* ]
Birch (Betulla)* [Betula alba ]*
Blackberry*: (Rubus*) [Rubus fruticosus* ]
Blackthorn*: (Prunus*) [Prunus spinosa* ]
Blite
Box
Bracken*: (Thelypteris*) [Pteris aquilina* ]
Brussels sprout
Bryony: (Vitis)
Black bryony*: (Tamnus*) [Tamus communis *]
Common bryony*: (Vitis alba*) [Bryonia dioica* ]
Cretan bryony*: (Vitis alba*) [Bryonia cretica* ]
White bryony*: (Vitis alba*) [Bryony alba* ]
Buckthorn*: (Pyxacanthus chironius*) [Rhamnus lyiciioides* ]
Burweed*: (Sparganion*) [Sparganium sp.]
Butcher's Broom*: (Ruscum*) [Ruscus aculeatus *]
Cabbage*: (Crambe*) [Brassica oleracea* ]
Cabbage, Savoy (Apiaca brassica*) [Brassica oleracea sabauda ]
Calamint [Calamintha incana Boiss.]
Camphire (Henna-flower) [Lawsonia inermis ]
Caper (Capparis or cappari)* [Capparis spinosa ]*
Cardoon [Cynara cardunculus L.]
~* Carob *~ (Ceronia,
Ceratia*) [Ceratonia siliqua
Caraway (cult.) (Careum)* [Carum carui L.] [Carum carvi ]*
Carpesium (Pontic or Cretan nard) [Valeriana dioscoridis
Sibth.]
Carrot (Pastinaca*)
Queen Anne's Lace: [Daucus carota L]
Cassia, poet's* (Osyris*) [Osyris alba *]
Castor-oil tree* (Cici*, Sili*) [Ricinus communis* ]
Catmint (amer. Catnip) [Nepeta cataria L>]
cedar
celery (cult.) [Apium graveolens L.]
celery, wild*: (Heleoselinum*) [Apium graveolens* ]
Centaury, great*: (Pharnaceon*) [Centaurea centaurium* ]
Chamomile [Anthemis nobilis L.]
Chamomile, wild: (Anthemis*) [Matricaria chamomilla, Anthemis chia ]
Cerintha
Chamaeleon, black*: (Ulophonon*) [Cardopatium corymbosum* ]
Chaste-tree*: (Vitex*) [Vitex angus castus* ]
Cherry (Cerasus*) [Prunus avium , sweet
cherry; P. cerasus , sour cherry; P. mahaleb , mahaleb; P.
padus , bog cherry]
Chervil, cult.: (Caerefolium*, Paederos*) [Anthriscus cerefolium ]
Chervil, wild*: (Scandix*) [Scandix pecten-veneris* ]
Chestnut (Balanitis)* [Castanea vesca ]*
Chibol (Fr. ciboule ) [Allium fistulosum L.]
Chickpea: (Cicer*)[Cicer arietinum ]*
Chicory (Chichorium*) [Cichorium intybus or divaricatum ]
Chicory, wild*: (Seris*) [Cichorium intybus* ]
Chives [Allium schoenoprasum L.]
Christ's thorn*: (Paliurus*) [in Africa - Zizyphus spina
Christi* ; in Europe Paliurus aculeatus* ]
Chrysanthemum (parthenium)
Cicely [Myrrhis odorata Scop.]
Cinquefoil*: (Quinquefolium*) [Potentilla reptans*, Tormentilla
reptans*, Potentilla rupestris*, Delphinium staphisagria* ]
Cistus (Rock-rose) [Cistus Ladaniferus L.]
Citron (Citrus, Malus Assyria*)* [Citrus medica ]*
Clary*: (Horminum*) [Salvia horminum* ]
Clubmoss, fir*: (Selago*) [Lycopodium selago* ]
Club-rush*: (Holoschoenus*) [Scirpus holoschoenus* ]
Colt's foot*: (Tussilago*) [Tussilago farfara* ]
Comfrey*: (Halus*, Symphytum*) [Symphytum officinale* ]
Convolvulus
Coriander [Coriandrum sativum L.]
Coriander, Roman*: (Melanthion*) [Nigella saliva* ]
Cornel*: (Virga sanguinea*) [Cornus saguinea* ]
Corn-flag*: (Hyncinthus*, Gladiolus*, Ziphion*) [Gladiolus
segetum* ]
Cornflower, blue: (Cyanus)* [Centaurea cyanus ]*
Cotton: [Gossypium herbaceum and G. arboreum ]
crab-apple
Cress, cult.: (Cardamum*, Nasturtium*) [Lepidium sativum ]*
Crocus
Saffron*: (Crocus* Dialeucon) [Crocus sativus* ]
Spring crocus*: (Crocus*) [Crocus vernus* ]
Cross-wort*: (Phyteuma*) [Reseda phyuteuma* ]
Cucumber* (Cusumis*
Cumin: (Cuminum)* [Cuminum cyminum L.]
Cumin, black (gith, fitches): [Nigella sativa L.]
Cumin, wild [Lagoecia cuminoides ]*
Cunila
Currant, black: (Cynosbatos)* [Ribes nigrum ]*
Cyclamen: (Cyclaminus)* [Cyclamen sp.]*
Cynoglosum
Cypress: (Cypressus)* [Cyperus sempervirens ]*
Cypress (Galingale) [Cyperus longus L.]
Dame's Violet*: (Hesperis*) [Hesperis matronalis* ]
Damson (plum): [Prunus insititia L.]
Dill: (Anetum*)[Anethum graveolens L.]
Dittany: (Dictamnum)* [Amaracus dictamnus ]*
Dock, sour*: (Oxalis*) [Remex acetosa* ]
Double-tongue*: (Vicapervica*) [Ruscus hypophyllum* ]
Elder tree* : (Sabucus or sambucus*) [Sambucus nigra* ]
Elecampane*: (Chironium*, Inula*) [Inula helenium* ]
Elm*: (Ulmus*) [Ulmus sp.*)
Endive, cultivated*: (Seris*) [Cichorium endivia* ]
Fennel,
cultivated fennel: [Foeniculum vulgare Mill.]
Giant fennel*: (Ferula*) [Ferula communis* ]
(Ferula*) [Ferula galbaniflua* ]
(Ferula*) [Heracleum spondylium* ]
Fenugreek, cult.: (Aegoceras*, Telis*) [Trigonella foenum graecum ]
Fern:
Holly-fern*: (Lonchitis*) [Aspidium logchitis *]
Scale fern*: (Hemionion*) [Asplenium ceterach* ]
Wood-fern*: (Lonchitis*) [Aspidium linguum* ]
Ferula*: (Narthecia*, Narthex*) [Ferula communis* ]
Fig*: (Ficus*) [Ficus carica* ]
Sycamore fig*: (Ficus Aegyptia*) [Ficus sycamorus* ]
Fire-thorn*: (Pyracantha*) [Cotoneaster pyracantha* ]
Flax*: (Linum*) [Linum usitatissimum* and Linum
angustifolium* ]
Fumitory*: (Isopyron*) [Fumaria capreolata* ]
Frankincense-tree*: (Tus*) [Boswellia Carteri* ]
Gallic nard*/Valerian (Nardus*)
Garlic
Garlic, cult.: (Alium*) [Allium sativum L.]
Cyprian garlic*: (Ulpicum*) [a form of Allium sativum* ]
Gentian
Germander*
(Scordion*) [Teucrium scordium* ]
(Trixago*) [Teucrium chamaedrys* ]
Ginger [Zingiber officinale ]
Gourd
Gourd, large: (Cucurbita)* [Cucurbita maxima ]* -- sometimes
mis-translated as pumpkin, which may work in the recipes, but is actually
a New World plant.
Bottle-gourd*: (Cucurbita*) [Lagenaria vulgaris* ]
Dish-cloth gourd*: (Cucurbita*) [Luffa cylindrica* ]
Grasswrack, Ligurian*: (Prason*) [Posidionia oceanica* ]
Groundpine/pine
Hartwort, small*: (Syreon*, Seseli*) [Tordylium officinale* ]
Hazelnut (Abellana*) [Corylus avellana ]
Heliotrope
Hemlock (Cicuta)* [Conium maculatum ]*
Hemp (Cannabis)* [Cannabis sativa ]*
Indian hemp*: (Gelotophyllis*) [Cannabis sativa* ]
Henbane*: (Hyoscyamus*) [Hoscyamus sp*]
Henna (Cypros)* [Lawsonia inermis ]*
Hesperis (Dame's violet)
Holewort*: (Thesium*) [Corydalis densiflora* ]
Holly
Honeysuckle*:
( Clymenus)* [Lonicera etrusca and caprifolium ]*
(Periclymenon*) [Lonicera sp. - perhaps L. etrusca or
L. caprifolium* ]
Horehound, black*: (Ballote)* [Ballota nigra ]*
Horehound, white*: (Prasion*) [Marrubium vulgare* ]
Horn-beam*: (Carpinus*, Zygia*) [Carpinus betulus* ]
Hornbeam, hop (Ostrys or ostrya*) [Ostrya carpinifolia *]
Horse-fennel*: (Hippomarathum*) [Prangos ferulacea *]
Horse-sorrel*: (Hippolapathum*) [Rumex aquaticus* ]
Horsetail*: (Hippuris*) [Equisetum arvense or maximum* ]
Houseleek*: (Sedum*)
(Aizoum maius*, Amerimnon*) [Sempervivum tectorum* ]
(Aizoum minus*, Oculus*) [Sempervivum arboreum *]
Hyacinth
Hyssop*: (Hysopum*) [Hyssop officinalis* ] [Origanum hirtum
L.]
Iris:
Cultivated iris: [Iris florentina L.]
German iris*: (Iris*) [Iris germanica* ]
(Iris*, Irio*)[Iris pallida* ]
Stinking iris*: (Xypris*) [Iris foetidissima* ]
Wild Iris: [Iris pseudacorus L.]
Yellow flag iris*: (Acoron*) [Iris pseudacorus* ]
Ivy* (Helix*, Hedera*, Orthocissos*) [Hedera helix* ]
Jujube, common*: (Zizyphus*) [Zizyphus vulgaris* ]
Juniper
(Iuniperus*) [Juniperus sp., especially J. oxycedrus and
J. communis* ]
(Cedrys)* [Juniperus communis L.]
(Iuniperus Hispanus*) [Juniperus thurifera* ]
Kale (Helia*, Caulodes)* [Brassica oleracea acephala ]*
Larch*: (Larix*) [Larix communis* ]
Larkspur
Laurel, bay: (Thasia*) [Laurus nobilis* ]
Laurustinus*: (Tinus*) [Viburnum tinus* ]
Lavender
Lavender, French*: (Stoechas*) [Lavandula stoechas ]
Lavender, spike*: (Pseudonardus*, Iphyon*) [Lavandula spica* ]
Lavender cotton (Chamaecyparissos)* [Santolina chamaecyparissus ]
Leek*: (Porrum*) [Allium porrum* ] [Allium ampeloprasum
var. porrum ]
Leek, wild (Ampeloprason)* [Allium ampeloprasum ]*
Lemon (malum medicum - the fruit or
apple of the Medes) [Citrus limon B.]
Lentils*: (Lens*) [Ervum lens* ] [Lens culinaris
Medic.; also Lens esculenta Moench.]
Lentisk (Mastic) [Pistachia lentiscus L.]
Lettuce*: (Lactuca*) [Lactuca sativa ]
Wild Letuce*: [Lactuca virosa* ]
Lichen, Fragrant [Usnaea barbata L.]
Lily: (Crinon*) [Lilium sp.]
(Lilium purpureum*) [perhaps a species of Colchicum* ]
Martagon lily* (Hemerocalles*) [Lilium martagon* ]
Lily, white*: (Lillium*) [Lilium candidum* ]
Turk's cap lily*: (Lilium rubens*) [Lilium chalcedonium* ]
Linden*: (Tilia*) [Tilia tomentosa* ]
Linseed
Lotus, Indian (Cyamos)* [Nelumbo nucifera ]*
Lotus
Blue Lotus*: (Lotos*) [Nymphaea caerulea* ]
Indian Lotus*: (Lotos*) [Nelumbo nucifera* ]
Melilot: [Trigonella graeca Boiss.]
White Lotus*: (Lotos*) [Nymphaea lotus* ]
Lovage*: (Ligusticum*)[Levisticum officinale* ] [Ligusticum
levisticum L.]
Lupin*: (Lupinus*) [especially Lupinus hirsutus, L. albus, and
L. termis* ]
Lychnis
Madder*: (Rubia*) [Rubia tinctorum *]
Maidenhair (Adiatum)
Mallow
Mandragora
Mango*: (Ficus*) [Mangifera indica* ]
Mangrove, White* (Arabian olea*) [Avicennia officinalis *]
Maple:
(Opulus*) [Acer opulus* ]
Common maple*: (Acer crassivenium*) [Acer campestre* ]
Montpelier maple: (Acer*) [Acer monspessulanum ]
Sycamore maple*: (Acer album or Gallicum*) [Acer pseudoplatanus* ]
Marjoram [Origanum majorana L.]
Marjoram, sweet (Amaracus)* [Majorana hortensis ]*
Marjoram, sweet winter* (white Origanum*, Onitis*, Tragoriganum*) [Origanum
heracleoticum *]
Mastic tree*: (Lentiscus*) [Pistacia lentiscus* ]
Marum (?cat-thyme) [Teucrium marum L.]
Medlar*: (Setania*) [Mespilus germanica* ]
Melilotus*: (Sertula campana*) [Trigonella graeca* ]
Melissophyllum (balm)
Melon
Millet, Italian*: (Panicum*) [Setaria italica* ]
Mint:
cultivated Mint: [Mentha viridis L.]
Bergamot mint*: (Sisymbrium*) [Mentha aquatica *]
Horse mint*: (Mentastrum*) [Mentha silvestris* ]
Water mint*: (Hedyosmum*) [Mentha aquatica* ]
Mistletoe*: (Viscum*) [Loranthus europaeus* and Viscum
album *]
Moss, generic* (Muscus*)
Moss, sphagnum* (Muscus*)
Mulberry tree* (Morus*) [Morus nigra * and Morus alba* ]
Mullein*: (Verbascum*) [Verbascum thapsus*; Verbascum sinuatum; Verbascum
phlomoides or perhaps Phlomis lychnitis or fruticosa* ]
Mustard*:
Black Mustard*: (Nappy* Sinapi*)[Brassica nigra* ]
Hoary mustard*: (Lapsana*) [Hirschfeldia incana* ]
White Mustard*:(Nappy* Sinapi*) [Sinapix alba* ]
Mustard, Persian*: (Persicon napy*) [perhaps Lunaria
annua *]
Myrtle-tree* (Myrtus) [Myrtus communis *; m. candida, var.
leucocarpa*;m .
nostras,
var.
romana*; m. Tarentina var. Tarentina*, m.silvestris* ]
Myrrh*: (Murra*) [Balsamedondron myrrha* ]
Nard, Celtic [Valeriana celtica L.]
Nard, Mountain [Valeriana tuberosa L.]
Nard, Wild [Asarum europaeum L.] or [Valeriana phu L.]
Nard, Pontic [Valeriana dioscoridis Sibth.]
Narcissus
Nettle tree (Celthis*, Syrtica arbor*) [Celtis australis* ]
Nightshade*: (Strychnos*) [esp. Solanum nigrum* ]
Oak* (Quercus*) [esp. Quercus robur* ]
Chestnut oak*: (Aesculus*) [Quercus sessiliflora* ]
cork oak*: (Suber*) [Quercus suber* ]
Gall-oak*: (Hemeris*) [Quercus infectoria* ]
Sea bark oak*: (Haliphloeos*) [Quercus pseudosuber* ]
Turkey oak*: (Aegilops*) [Quercus cerris* ]
Oats (Bromos)* [Avena sativa ]*
Olea of India* [Olea cuspidate* ]
Oleander* (Onothera*, Onothuris*, Onear*, Rhododendron*, Rhododaphne*)
[Nerium oleander* ]
Olive* (Olea,* Olive-berry*) [Olea europaea* ]
Onion (Cepa*) [Allium Cepa* ]
(Setania*) [a small, sweet form of Allium cepa* ]
Onion, Horned (Pallacana*) [a variant of Allium cepa* ]
Orache
Orage
Palm (Palma*)
date-palm [Phoenix
dactylifera* ]
Dwarf Palm*: ( Pheonix elate*) [Chamaerops humilis* ]
Parsnip* : (Siser*) [Peucedanum sativum* ]
Parsley*: (Petroselinum*) [Petroselinum sativum* ]
[Carum petroselinum B. and H.f.]
Partridge Plant
Papyrus* (Papyrus*) [Cyperus papyrus* ]
Peach tree*: (Persicus*) [Amygdalus persica* ]
Pea*: (Pisum*) [Pisum sativum* ]
Pear tree*: (Pirus*) [Pyrus communis *]
Peony* (Paeonia*) [Paeonia sp.*]
Paeonia mascula - perhaps P. corallina*
Paeonia feminina - perhaps P. officinalis *
Pellitory* : (Muralis*, Perdicium*) [Parietaria officinalis* ]
Pellitory 'of Spain' / Spanish chamomile [Anacyclus pyrethrum
L.]
Pellitory, wall*: (Urceolaris*) [Parietaria officinalis* ]
Pennyroyal (Blechon*, Puleium*)[Mentha pulegium L.]
Pepper* (Piper*)
African pepper [Xylopia aethiopica* ]
Black pepper [Piper nigrum* ]
Long pepper [Piper longum* ]
Pepperwort*:(Iberis*) [Lebidium graminifolium* ]
Periwinkle* (Vicapervica*) [Vinca herbacea* ]
Pimpernel (Anagallis* and Corchorum*) [Anagallis arvensis , incl.
subsp. phoenicea and caerulea ]
Blue pimpernel*: (Corchorum*) [Anagallis caerulea* ]
Red pimpernel*: (Corchorum*) [Anagallis phoenicea* ]
Pine
Aleppo Pine*: (Pinus*) [Pinus halepensis* ]
Scotch pine*: (Pinus*) [Pinus sylvestris* ]
Stone pine*: (Taeda*) [Pinus cembra* ]
Pistachio*: (Pistacia*) [Pistacia vera ]
Plane tree
Plane, oriental*: (Platanus*) [Platanus orientalis* ]
Plum tree*: (Prunus*) [Prunus domestica* ]
Pomegranate* (Punica*) [Punica granatum* ]
Poplar* (Populus*) [Populus* ]
white type - P. alba
black type - P. nigra
Poppy*: (Papaver*) [Papaver sp.* including P. somniferum,
P. rhocas, P. hybridum, P. argemone* ]
Opium poppy*: (Nepenthes*) [Papaver somniferum* ]
Red poppy*: (Rhoea*) [Papaver rhoeas* ]
Poppy, opium* (Nepenthes*) [Papaver somniferum *]
Privet*: (Ligustrum*) [Ligustrum vulgare* ]
Purslain*: (Porcillaca*) [Portulaca oleracea* ]
Quince*: (Chrysomelum*, Musteum*, Strutheum*) [Cydonia vulgaris* ]
Radish, cultivated*: (Raphanus*) [Raphanus sativus* ]
Rape [Brassica napus ]
Raspberry*: (Idaeus rubus*) [Rubus idaeus* ]
Rice *: (Oryza*) [Oryza sativa ]
Rock-rose, Cretan*: (Leda*) [Cistus creticus* ]
Rocket [Eruca sativa Mill.]
Rose
Rose, dog (Cynorrhodon, cynorrhoda)* [rosa canina ]*
Rose, white (Cynosbatos)* [Rosa sempervirens ]*
Rosemary*: (Rosmarinum*, libanotis/conyza) [Rosmarinus officinalis
*]
Rosemary frankincense [Lecokia cretica DC.]
Rue*: (Ruta*) [Ruta graveolens* ]
Rush, flowering*: (Sparganion*) [Butomus umbellatus* ]
Rye*: (Secale*) [Secale cereale* ]
Saffron: see Crocus, Saffron
Safflower (Bastard Saffron): (Cnecos)* [Carthamus tinctorius
L.]
Sage [Salvia officinalis L.]
Saint John's Wort*: (Hypericon*) [Hypericum sp. especially H.
crispum, H. empetrifolium, H. coris* ]
Salsify*: (Tragopogon*) [including the purple-flowered Tragopogon
porrifolius and crocifolius and perhaps the yelow-flowered
Tragopogon pratensis* ]
Salvia [Salvia triloba L.]
Samphire (Rock-fennel): [Crithmum maritimum L.]
Savory*: (Thymbra*) [Satureia hortensis* ]
Savory (wild): [Satureia thymbra L.]
Seaweed*:
(Vitis*) [Fucus spiralis* ]
Sebesten*: (Myxa*, Prunus Aegyptia*) [Cordia myxa* ]
Sedge*: (Ulva*) [Ulva conferva* ]
Sensitive plant*: (Aeschynomene*) [Mimosa asperata* ]
Service tree*: (Sorbus*)
[Sorbus domestica* ]
[Sorbus torminalis* ]
Sesame*: (sesima*, sesamon*) [Sesamum indicum *]
Seseli (cult.) [Tordylium officinale L.]
Shallot [Allium ascalonium L.]
Silphium [Ferula tingitana L.]
Smilax
Snapdragon: (Antirrhinum*) [Antirrhinum orontium ]
Sorgham*: (Milium introduced from India*) [Sorghum vulgare ?* ]
Sorrel
Sorrel, wood*: (Oxys*) [Oxalis acetosella* ]
Southernwood [Artemisia abrotanum L.]
Spalax
Spleenwort, maidenhair*: (Trichomanes*) [Asplenium trichomanes* ]
Spurge*: (Tithymalis*) [Euphorbia sp.*]
(Hippopheos*) [Euphorbia acanthothamnos* ]
(Myrtites*) [Euphorbia myrsinites?* ]
Quackslaver's spurge* (Pityusa*) [Euphorbia pityusa* ]
Squill
Star of Bethlehem (Bulbine, or bolbine*, Ornithogala*) [Ornithogalum
umbellatum *]
Stock*:
(Viola*) [Matthoila incana* ]
Night-scented stock*: (Hesperis*) [Matthiola tristis* ]
Stone-parsley*: (Sinon*) [Sison amomum* ]
Strawberry *: (Fraga*) [Fragaria vesca* ]
Strawberry tree*: (Arbutus*, Unedo*) [Arbutus unedo ]
Styrax, official*: (Storas*(styrax*)) [Styrax officinalis ]
Sulfer-wort*: (Peucadanum*) [Peucedanum officinale* ]
Sumach [Rhus coriaria L.]
Summer beet
Sweet cicely*: (Myrris*) [Myrrhis adorata* ]
Sweet flag*: (Acoron*) [Acorus calamus* ]
Sweet rush
Sycamore* (Egyptian morus*)[Ficus sycamorus*]
Tamarisk*: (Tamarice*, Tamarix* ) [Tamarix articulata* ]
Tare*: (Vicia*) [Vicia sativa* ]
Terebinth*: (Terebinthus*) [Pistacia terebinthus* ]
Thapsia
Thistle*
(Onopyxos*) [onopordon illyricum* ]
Thistle, cotton?*: (Onopordon or onopradon*) [Onopordon acanthium* ]
Thistle, golden*: (Scolymus*) [Scolymus hispanicus* ]
Thistle, welted*: (Polyacanthos*) [Carduus acanthoides* ]
Thyme
Garden thyme*: (Thymum*)[Thymus vulgaris L.]
Creeping thyme*: (Serpyllum*, serpullum*) [Thymus serpyllum* ]
Cretan thyme*: (Thymum*) [Thymbra capitata* ]
Thyne-wood tree*: (Thya*) [Callitris quadrivalvis* ]
Tragacanth* (Tragacantha*) [especially Astragalus angustifolius *]
Tree medick (Cytisus)* [Medicago arborea ]*
Truffle*:
(Tuber*) [cheifly Tuber cibarium *]
(Misy*) [Tuber aestivum*; Tuber niveum* ]
Tuber apple
Turnip* (Rapa* -um*) [Brassica rapa* Brassica campestris ]
Turnip, French (Bunias)* [Brassica napus ]*
Valarian, Caucasian*: (Phu*) [ Valeriana phu* ]
Vervian*: (Peristereos*, Verbenaca*) [Verbena officinalis* ]
Vetch
Vine
Violet, sweet*: (Viola*) [Viola adorata* ]
(Ion*) [a kind of Viola adorata* ]
Walflower*: (Phlox*) [Cheiranthus Cheiri* ]
Walnut (Basilicon*, Iuglans* (usualy nux iuglans*))* [Juglans regia ]*
Water Chestnut*:(Tribulus*) [Trapa natans* ]
Water Lily:
White water-lily*: (Nymphaea Heraclia*) [Nymphaea alba* ]
Yellow water-lily*: (Nymphaea*) [Nuphar luteum* ]
Wheat
Emmer or two-grained wheat*: (Ador, Arinca*, aroreum* Semen*Olyra*,
Zea*) [Triticum dicoccum* ]
Club wheat*: (Setanion*) [Triticum compactum* ] a spring wheat
Common wheat*: (Setanion*) [Triticum vulgare* ]
One-grained wheat*: (Tiphe*) [Triticum monococcum* ]
Poulard*: (Triticum*) [Triticum turgidum *]
Whortleberry*: (Vaccinium*) [Vaccinium myrtillus* ]
Willow* (Salix*) [Salix sp. ]
(Salix nigra*) [S. amplexicaulis ]
(Salix Gallica*) [S. amygdalina* ]
(Salix graeca* or Salix vitellina*) [Salix vitelina* ]
Purple Willow*: (Salix purpurea or viminalis*) [Salix purpurea* ]
White Willow*: (Salix candida*) [S. alba ]
Woad*: (Isatis*) [Isatis tinctoria* ]
Wormwood
[Artemisia absinthium L.]
Sea Wormwood*: (Seriphum*) [ Artemisia maritima* ]
Yew-tree*: (Taxus*) [Taxus baccata* ]
